CB1 agonists, locally applied to the cortico-thalamic circuit of rats with genetic absence epilepsy, reduce epileptic manifestations.

“Drugs that modulate the endocannabinoid system and endocannabinoids typically play an anticonvulsant role although some proconvulsant effects have been reported both in humans and animal models.

 This study aims to characterize the role of cannabinoids in specific areas of the cortico-thalamic network involved in oscillations that underlie seizures in a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy, the WAG/Rij rat.

These results, together with previous reports, support therapeutic potential for endocannabinoid system modulators in absence epilepsy and highlight that attenuated endocannabinergic function may contribute to the generation and maintenance of seizures. Furthermore, the entire cortico-thalamic network responds to cannabinoid treatment, indicating that in all areas considered, CB receptor activation inhibits the pathological synchronization that subserves absence seizures.

 In conclusion, our result might be useful for the identification of future drug therapies in absence epilepsy.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23860329

Cannabinoids inhibit human keratinocyte proliferation through a non-CB1/CB2 mechanism and have a potential therapeutic value in the treatment of psoriasis.

“Cannabinoids from cannabis (Cannabis sativa) are anti-inflammatory and have inhibitory effects on the proliferation of a number of tumorigenic cell lines, some of which are mediated via cannabinoid receptors.

Cannabinoid (CB) receptors are present in human skin and anandamide, an endogenous CB receptor ligand, inhibits epidermal keratinocyte differentiation.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease also characterised in part by epidermal keratinocyte hyper-proliferation.

OBJECTIVE:

We investigated the plant cannabinoids Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol and cannabigerol for their ability to inhibit the proliferation of a hyper-proliferating human keratinocyte cell line and for any involvement of cannabinoid receptors.

CONCLUSION:

The results indicate that while CB receptors may have a circumstantial role in keratinocyte proliferation, they do not contribute significantly to this process.

 Our results show that cannabinoids inhibit keratinocyte proliferation, and therefore support a potential role for cannabinoids in the treatment of psoriasis.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157480

Epigenetic Control of Skin Differentiation Genes by Phytocannabinoids.

“A role for endocannabinoid signaling has been reported in the control of epidermal physiology, whereby anandamide is able to regulate the expression of skin differentiation genes through DNA methylation. Here, we have investigated the possible epigenetic regulation of these genes by selected phytocannabinoids, plant-derived cannabinoids holding potential as novel therapeutics for various human diseases.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:

These findings identify the phytocannabinoids cannabidiol and cannabigerol as transcriptional repressors that can control cell proliferation and differentiation, suggesting (especially for cannabidiol) a possible exploitation as lead compounds to be used in the development of novel therapeutics for skin diseases.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869687

Using Berries to Fight Cancer

“Blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, cranberry, red raspberry, and strawberry extracts inhibit growth and stimulate apoptosis of human cancer cells in vitro.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17147415

“Using Berries to Fight Cancer”  http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=119873

“Blueberries fight aggressive breast cancer”  http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?id=7388978

“Pterostilbene, a bioactive component of blueberries, suppresses the generation of breast cancer stem cells within tumor microenvironment and metastasis via modulating NF-κB/microRNA 448 circuit.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23504987

“Blueberry Phytochemicals Inhibit Growth and Metastatic Potential of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells Through Modulation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862148/

“Blueberry anthocyanins and pyruvic acid adducts: anticancer properties in breast cancer cell lines.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20564502

“Inhibition of estrogen-mediated mammary tumorigenesis by blueberry and black raspberry.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571764

“Antioxidant levels and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by extracts from organically and conventionally cultivated strawberries.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16478244 

“Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and suppression of TNF-induced activation of NFkappaB by edible berry juice.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465224

“Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by fruit and berry extracts and correlations with antioxidant levels.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15563205

“Chemopreventive agents in black raspberries identified”  http://phys.org/news150615914.html

“Cancer Prevention with Freeze-dried Berries and Berry Components”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2196225/

“Foodstuffs for Preventing Cancer: The Preclinical and Clinical Development of Berries”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19258544

“Laboratory and clinical studies of cancer chemoprevention by antioxidants in berries” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246882/

“Evaluation of inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro with different berries and correlation with their antioxidant levels by advanced analytical methods.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300907

“Biological activities of berries: from antioxidant capacity to anti-cancer effects.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16498207

 

“Black Raspberries Slow Cancer By Altering Hundreds Of Genes”  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080827163933.htm

“Black Raspberries May Prevent Colon Cancer, Study Finds”  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101102131833.htm

“Black Raspberry-Derived Anthocyanins Demethylate Tumor Suppressor Genes Through the Inhibition of DNMT1 and DNMT3B in Colon Cancer Cells”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3570951/

“Inhibition of Benzo(a)pyrene Diol-Epoxide-induced Transactivation of Activated Protein 1 and Nuclear Factor κB by Black Raspberry Extracts”  http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/62/23/6857.long

“Black raspberries prevent colorectal cancer in mice”  http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39971798/ns/health-cancer/t/black-raspberries-prevent-colorectal-cancer-mice/

“Molecular mechanisms involved in chemoprevention of black raspberry extracts: from transcription factors to their target genes.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16800774 

“Inhibition of the growth of premalignant and malignant human oral cell lines by extracts and components of black raspberries.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860443

“A black raspberry extract inhibits proliferation and regulates apoptosis in cervical cancer cells.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21831414

“Effect of black raspberry ( Rubus occidentalis L.) extract variation conditioned by cultivar, production site, and fruit maturity stage on colon cancer cell proliferation.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21284384

Alcohol-cancer link stronger than ever – News

“Alcohol-cancer link stronger than ever”  http://health.msn.co.nz/healthnews/8689975/alcohol-cancer-link-stronger-than-ever

“Study supports alcohol, breast cancer link”  http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/study-supports-alcohol-breast-cancer-link-201111033747

“Alcohol Use Linked to More Cancers”  http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2006/02/18/alcohol-use-linked-to-more-cancers.aspx#!

“The Alcoholic-Cancer Link: Study Shows Even One Drink a Day Could Be Risky”  http://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/alcoholic-cancer-link-study-shows-one-drink-per-day-raises-risk.aspx

“Alcohol Behind Rise in Breast Cancer Among Women”  http://www.medindia.net/news/alcohol-behind-rise-in-breast-cancer-among-women-122089-1.htm

“Alcohol Linked to Cancer Risk in Women. Study Shows Even Low-to-Moderate Drinking Raises Risk of Cancer.”  http://women.webmd.com/news/20090224/alcohol-linked-to-cancer-risk-in-women

“Why Drinking Alcohol Is Linked to Breast Cancer”  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120423162245.htm

“Alcohol And Genetic Factors Linked To Breast Cancer Risk”  http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/103911.php

“Alcohol Linked to Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Study Finds” http://www.foxnews.com/health/2011/11/01/alcohol-linked-to-breast-cancer-diagnosis-study-finds/

“Many cancer deaths traced to alcohol” http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/02/15/many-cancer-deaths-traced-to-alcohol/

“Light drinking linked to breast cancer risk”  http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/medical/health/medical/breastcancer/story/2011-11-01/Light-drinking-linked-to-slight-breast-cancer-risk/51030414/1

“Moderate Drinking Linked to Breast Cancer”  http://www.livescience.com/4421-moderate-drinking-linked-breast-cancer.html

“Heavy Drinking Linked to Aggressive Prostate Cancer”  http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/cancer/articles/2009/07/13/heavy-drinking-linked-to-aggressive-prostate-cancer

“Many Cancer Deaths Traced to Alcohol”  http://www.livescience.com/27259-alcohol-causes-cancer-deaths.html

“Alcohol Plays A Huge Role In Cancer Deaths In The U.S.”  http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/256472.php

“Study Shows Link Between Alcohol & Breast Cancer”  http://www.nbc26.com/news/206493561.html

“Alcohol Consumption Boosts Breast Cancer Risk”  http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/health/2012/06/03/alcohol-consumption-boosts-breast-cancer-risk/

“Even Moderate Drinking Can Boost Chance of Breast Cancer Recurrence”  http://abcnews.go.com/Health/OnCallPlusBreastCancerNews/moderate-drinking-linked-breast-cancer-recurrence/story?id=9306082

“Breast cancer link to small amount of alcohol”  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15539450

“Alcohol link to bowel cancer risk”  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6921998.stm

“Alcohol Linked To Breast Cancer”  http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-529131.html

“Light drinking linked to breast cancer risk”  http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-500165_162-20128877/light-drinking-linked-to-breast-cancer-risk/

“Review describes link between alcohol consumption and breast cancer”  http://www.news-medical.net/news/20121024/Review-describes-link-between-alcohol-consumption-and-breast-cancer.aspx

“Breast cancer leading cause of alcohol-attributable death in New Zealand women” http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-07-breast-cancer-alcohol-attributable-death-zealand.html

“Alcoholism is linked to higher rates of general and cancer-related deaths” http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-11-alcoholism-linked-higher-cancer-related-deaths.html

“Smoking, heavy drinking linked to earlier onset of pancreatic cancer”  http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-10-heavy-linked-earlier-onset-pancreatic.html

“Heavy alcohol consumption linked to lung cancer”   http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-10-heavy-alcohol-consumption-linked-lung.html

“Alcohol Use Linked to Risk for Hormone-Sensitive Breast Cancers”  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/727432

“Alcohol Linked to Colorectal Cancer Risk”  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/749886

“Heavy Alcohol Use Linked to Colon Cancer Risk”  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/463001

“Link Between Pancreatic Cancer and Alcohol, Tobacco Use”  http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/771688

“Heavy Drinking Linked to Pancreatic Cancer”  http://www.webmd.com/cancer/pancreatic-cancer/news/20110314/heavy-drinking-linked-to-pancreatic-cancer?page=2

“No Amount of Alcohol Is Safe. “Responsible drinking” has become a 21st-century mantra for how most people view alcohol consumption. But when it comes to cancer, no amount of alcohol is safe.” http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/824237

“Even moderate drinking may substantially raise risk of dying from cancer: study”  http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/moderate-drinking-raises-cancer-death-risk-study-article-1.1265529

“Light drinking linked to breast cancer, study finds”  http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/light-drinking-linked-to-breast-cancer-study-finds/2011/11/01/gIQASythdM_video.html

“A Drink a Day Raises Cancer Risk, Study Says”  http://www.bu.edu/today/2013/a-drink-a-day-raises-cancer-risk-study-says/

“Even a drink a day boosts cancer death risk, alcohol study finds”  http://www.nbcnews.com/health/even-drink-day-boosts-cancer-death-risk-alcohol-study-finds-1C8381639?franchiseSlug=healthmain

“Drinking linked to endometrial cancer risk”  http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20889546/ns/health-cancer/t/drinking-linked-endometrial-cancer-risk/

“Does drinking alcohol increase the risk of cancer? Overall, alcohol consumption is one of the top 10 contributors to sickness and death from injuries, motor vehicle crashes, homicides and suicides, sexual assaults, sexually transmitted infections from unsafe sex, falls, birth defects, depression, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and sleep disorders. Additionally, there is a lot of evidence that drinking alcohol increases the risk of several cancers.”  http://www.cancer.org/cancer/news/expertvoices/post/2013/06/26/does-drinking-alcohol-increase-the-risk-of-cancer.aspx

“Alcohol and Breast Cancer Risk: New Findings… Epidemiological studies have consistently found that heavy drinking can increase the risk of liver, head and neck, and esophageal cancers, and even moderate drinking has been shown to increase the risk of breast cancer.”  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes/breast/alcoholuse0408

“Marijuana… Cannabis sativais an annual plant that grows wild in warm and tropical climates throughout the world and is cultivated commercially. The leaves and buds of the plant have been used in herbal remedies for centuries… As of 2012, there are reports online suggesting that marijuana oil or “hemp” oil can cure cancer, as well as diabetes, ulcers, arthritis, migraines, insomnia, infections, and many other diseases.” http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/marijuana

Alcohol causes cancer, and here’s the evidence:

Alcohol causes at least seven types of cancer
 

“Alcohol causes cancer, and here’s the evidence… Many of us are aware of the short-term effects of drinking too much – feeling sick, a hangover, a spot of embarrassment, a vague but hard-to-pin-down sense of guilt – but the long-term effects often slip under the radar. These include a higher risk of many cancers, heart disease, stroke and more.”   http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2010/01/28/alcohol-and-cancer-the-evidence/   

“ALCOHOL AND CANCER… Epidemiological data have identified chronic alcohol consumption as a significant risk factor for upper alimentary tract cancer, including cancer of the oropharynx, larynx and the oesophagus and of the liver.” http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/3/155.long

“Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-mediated carcinogenesis… Although the mechanisms for alcohol-associated carcinogenesis are not completely understood, most recent research has focused on acetaldehyde, the first and most toxic ethanol metabolite, as a cancer-causing agent. Ethanol may also stimulate carcinogenesis… Alcohol-related carcinogenesis may interact with other factors such as smoking, diet and comorbidities, and depends on genetic susceptibility.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17646865

“Liver cancer and alcohol… Based on the association of alcohol with cancer, a International Agency for Research on Cancer working group recently deemed alcoholic beverages “carcinogenic to humans,” causally related to occurrence of malignant tumors of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colorectum, and female breast.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23101985

“Alcohol and pancreatic cancer… heavy alcohol consumption has been known to be a major cause of chronic pancreatitis and a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, both of which are linked to pancreatic cancer.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16054982

“Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose–response meta-analysis of published studies… The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that alcohol consumption is related to colorectal cancer (CRC)… This meta-analysis provides strong evidence for an association between alcohol drinking of >1 drink/day and colorectal cancer risk.”  http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/9/1958.long

“Alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer… Epidemiologic studies addressing the association of alcohol consumption with breast cancer consistently suggest a modest association and a dose-response relationship… Data from a variety of epidemiologic studies suggest that chronic alcohol consumption even in moderate amounts increases a woman’s risk for breast cancer… Epidemiologic data further suggest that consumption of larger amounts of alcohol is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer…  Avoiding overconsumption of alcohol is recommended, especially for women with known risk factors for breast cancer.”  http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342011000500012&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en 

“Alcohol consumption and digestive tract cancer…  data indicating that alcohol is an important factor increasing the risk to develop gastrointestinal cancer are consolidating… Functional genetic variants of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes proved to be associated with increased risk for esophageal and gastric cancer… Alcohol overconsumption is a serious avoidable risk factor for the development of gastrointestinal tract cancer, both alone but even more in combination with other risk factors such as tobacco and obesity.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22797570

“Cancer stem cells generated by alcohol, diabetes, and HCV”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306127/

“Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Alcohol and Breast Cancer: Update 2012… Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for cancer of various organs including the upper alimentary tract, the liver, the colorectum and the female breast… Women should not exceed one drink/day, and women at elevated risk for breast cancer should avoid alcohol or consume alcohol occasionally only.”  http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/3/204.long

“Human carcinogenesis and alcohol in hepato-gastroenterology… Alcohol consumption is one of the top-10 risks for worldwide burden of disease. The International Agency for Research for Cancer affirmed that there was evidence for the carcinogenicity of ethanol in animals and classified alcohol consumption as carcinogenic for humans. Alcohol consumption causes cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, colorectum, liver, pancreas and female breast…”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696879 

“The Burden of Cancer Attributable to Alcohol Consumption… All types of alcoholic beverages are associated with an increased risk which suggests that ethanol itself is the crucial compound which causes that effect… In our opinion, there are not enough data to support the actually safe intake of alcohol. Any level of alcohol consumption increase the risk of developing an alcohol related cancer.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3391950/ 

“Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and risk of oral cavity cancer by subsite: results of a French population-based case-control study, the ICARE study…  Tobacco smoking increased the risk of oral cavity cancer even for the smaller quantities and durations, whereas alcohol drinking increased this risk only in heavy drinkers who were also ever smokers. The combined effect of smoking and drinking was greater than multiplicative…”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22976386

“Alcohol-Attributable Cancer Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost in the United States. Objectives: Our goal was to provide current estimates of alcohol-attributable cancer mortality and years of potential life lost (YPLL) in the United States. Results: Alcohol consumption resulted in an estimated 18,200 to 21,300 cancer deaths, or 3.2% to 3.7% of all US cancer deaths. Conclusions: Alcohol remains a major contributor to cancer mortality and YPLL. Higher consumption increases risk but there is no safe threshold for alcohol and cancer risk. Reducing alcohol consumption is an important and underemphasized cancer prevention strategy.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3673233/

“Ethanol-mediated promotion of oesophageal carcinogenesis: association with lipid peroxidation and changes in phospholipid fatty acid profile of the target tissue… Ethanol consumption is a high risk factor for oesophageal carcinoma…  ethanol may promote carcinogenesis through excessive cell proliferation…”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9199722

“Ethanol-mediated carcinogenesis in the human esophagus implicates CYP2E1 induction and the generation of carcinogenic DNA-lesions… Chronic alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for esophageal cancer… Ethanol exerts its carcinogenic effect in the liver among others via the induction of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and the generation of carcinogenic etheno-DNA adducts…” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20715111

“Ethanol enhances tumor angiogenesis in vitro induced by low-dose arsenic in colon cancer cells through hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha pathway… Arsenic has been known to induce carcinogenesis and enhance tumor development via complex and unclear mechanism. Ethanol is also a well-established risk factor for many malignancies…We conclude that ethanol is able to enhance arsenic-induced tumor angiogenesis in colorectal cancer cells…”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22872060

“Ethanol-induced mast cell-mediated inflammation leads to increased susceptibility of intestinal tumorigenesis in the APC Δ468 min mouse model of colon cancer… Chronic and frequent alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) intake has been associated with an increased incidence of several types of cancers including breast, mouth, throat, esophageal, stomach, and colorectal (CRC). The underlying mechanism of this deleterious carcinogenic effect of alcohol has not been clearly established… Our data show that chronic alcohol intake promotes: (i) intestinal tumorigenesis and tumor invasion in genetically susceptible mice; (ii) increases in polyp-associated mast cells; and (iii) mast cell-mediated tumor migration in vitro. Both our in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that mast cell-mediated inflammation could be 1 mechanism by which alcohol promotes carcinogenesis.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23320800

“Ethanol Promotes Chemically Induced Oral Cancer in Mice through Activation of the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism… Alcohol drinking is a known risk factor for oral cancer in humans… this study clearly demonstrated that ethanol promoted 4NQO-induced oral carcinogenesis…”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3208736/

“Ethanol Disrupts Vascular Endothelial Barrier: Implication in Cancer Metastasis… ethanol exposure enhances tumor progression. Ethanol exposure promotes cancer cell invasion and is implicated in tumor metastasis…Our results indicate that ethanol may facilitate cancer metastasis by disrupting the vascular endothelial barrier.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3327869/

“Ethanol Promotes Mammary Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis: the Involvement of Chemoattractant Factor MCP-1… Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for breast cancer in humans. Experimental studies indicate that alcohol exposure promotes malignant progression of mammary tumors… Ethanol promotes mammary tumor growth and metastasis… A causal role was recently attributed to inflammation in many malignant diseases, including breast cancer… It has been demonstrated that alcohol induces pro-inflammatory mediators, and enhanced inflammation may underlie many diseases or disorders caused by alcohol abuse…”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323664/

“Alcohol drinking, consumption patterns and breast cancer among Danish nurses: a cohort study… these data suggest, that weekly alcohol consumption increases the risk of breast cancer in women reporting alcohol consumption above the average for women in general. The risk is minor for moderate levels of weekly alcohol intake, but increases for each extra drink consumed. Weekend consumption and binge drinking seem to be related to an additional increased risk of breast cancer.”  http://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/6/624.long

“Alcohol intake, type of beverage, and risk of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women… Most studies of the relation between alcohol consumption and breast cancer have shown a modestly increased risk… CONCLUSIONS: Total alcohol intake of more than 27 drinks per week increases breast cancer risk in premenopausal women independently of the type of alcohol. Among postmenopausal women, an intake of spirits of more than six drinks per week increases breast cancer risk.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15252295

“Moderate alcohol consumption during adult life, drinking patterns, and breast cancer risk… Relative risks of developing invasive breast cancer… Low levels of alcohol consumption were associated with a small increase in breast cancer risk, with the most consistent measure being cumulative alcohol intake throughout adult life. Alcohol intake both earlier and later in adult life was independently associated with risk… higher consumption of alcohol has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer…”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3292347/

“Moderate alcohol consumption and breast cancer in women: from epidemiology to mechanisms and interventions… Epidemiologic studies indicate that moderate alcohol consumption increases breast cancer risk in women… In this commentary, we focus on some recent epidemiologic studies linking moderate alcohol consumption to breast cancer risk and place the results of those studies within the framework of our current understanding of the temporal and mechanistic basis of human carcinogenesis. This analysis supports the hypothesis that alcohol acts as a weak cumulative breast carcinogen and may also be a tumor promoter.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23072454

“Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis… There is convincing evidence that alcohol consumption increases the risk of cancer… We evaluated the association between light drinking and cancer of the colorectum, breast, larynx, liver, esophagus, oral cavity and pharynx… CONCLUSIONS: Light drinking increases the risk of cancer of oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus and female breast.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22910838

“Alcohol-related diseases and carcinogenesis…  Data are presented demonstrating the induction, by chronic ethanol consumption, of microsomal enzymes which convert procarcinogens to carcinogens… The hypothesis is presented that ethanol-mediated induction of enzyme systems which activate procarcinogens to carcinogens in various tissues contributes to the enhanced incidence of cancer in the alcoholic.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/221110

“The Role of Cytochrome P450 2E1 in Ethanol-Mediated Carcinogenesis… there is increasing evidence that CYP2E1 induced by chronic alcohol consumption plays an important role in alcohol mediated carcinogenesis.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400919 

The Active Ingredient in Cannabis can Help Patients Regain Appetite and Sense of Taste Preventing Anorexia

“For most cancer patients it has always been thought that the only purpose cannabis provided was to act as a painkiller a recent study has suggested that it can also help the patient regain their appetite and sense of taste. If this is true for cancer patients one must wonder if it is true for AIDS patients and patients with other conditions that allow the use of cannabis as a treatment option.”

cannabis.jpg
 

“Preventing Anorexia

In situations such as cancer and AIDS, patient’s anorexia is a common result for the lack of eating and poor nutrition. Although, anorexia is classified as a mental health condition as you can clearly see there is more than one way to become anorexic. By consuming a product (usually a dessert or candy that is made with cannabis) the patient can enjoy a delicious treat while increasing their appetites.

Possible Treatment for Anorexia

An anorexic also loses their appetite as the stomach shrinks and when food is not consumed for long periods of time the taste buds also decline. We are not suggestion people with anorexia should start smoking cannabis but further research into this area of treatment for anorexics is worth studying.

Conclusion

The original study is for cancer patients and the results showed an increase in the patients appetites and the study is worthy of further study for other conditions including anorexia.”

http://www.eatingdisordersonline.com/news/treatment/the-active-ingredient-in-cannabis-can-help-patients-regain-appetite-and-sense-of 

The Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist THC Attenuates Weight Loss in a Rodent Model of Activity-Based Anorexia

“Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by anhedonia whereby patients experience little pleasure or reward in many aspects of their lives. Reward pathways and the endocannabionid system have been implicated in the mediation of food intake. The potential to exploit these systems to reverse weight loss is investigated in a rodent model of activity-based anorexia (ABA).

Given the powerful role of the endocannabionid system in stimulating reward processes and the apparent poor development of these processes in AN, it is important to test the hypothesis that exogenous administration of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor agonists can reverse the anorexia displayed in a rodent ABA model…

Importantly, the data presented here show for the first time the efficacy of THC  in retarding the progression of ABA…

In conclusion, these data establish for the first time the effectiveness of THC in rescuing animals from profound body weight loss associated with the development of ABA, independent of physical activity, which is enhanced if allowed access to highly palatable foods.

These results from the animal-based model of AN highlight the potential of cannabinoids and of the endocannabinoid system in the treatment of human anorexia.”

Full text: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096804/

Cannabis and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for weight loss?

“Obesity is one of the highest preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. It has been well known for a long time that exposure to cannabis produces an increase of appetite (a phenomenon referred to as the ‘munchies’). This phenomenon led to an exploration of the role of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of obesity and associated metabolic syndrome.

This effort subsequently led to the development of a successful therapeutic approach for obesity that consisted of blocking the cannabinoid CB1 receptors using ligands such as Rimonabant in order to produce weight loss and improve metabolic profile. Despite being efficacious, Rimonabant was associated with increased rates of depression and anxiety and therefore removed from the market.

We recently discovered that the prevalence of obesity is paradoxically much lower in cannabis users as compared to non-users and that this difference is not accounted for by tobacco smoking status and is still present after adjusting for variables such as sex and age.

Here, we propose that this effect is directly related to exposure to the Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) present in cannabis smoke.

We therefore propose the seemingly paradoxical hypothesis that THC or a THC/cannabidiol combination drug may produce weight loss and may be a useful therapeutic for the treatment of obesity and its complications.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23410498

Amphiregulin is a factor for resistance of glioma cells to cannabinoid-induced apoptosis.

“Gliomas, one of the most malignant forms of cancer, exhibit high resistance to conventional therapies. Identification of the molecular mechanisms responsible for this resistance is therefore of great interest to improve the efficacy of the treatments against these tumors. Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major active ingredient of marijuana, and other cannabinoids inhibit tumor growth in animal models of cancer, including glioma, an effect that relies, at least in part, on the ability of these compounds to induce apoptosis of tumor cells.

…we identified the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand amphiregulin as a candidate factor to mediate the resistance of glioma cells to cannabinoid treatment… in vivo silencing of amphiregulin rendered the resistant tumors xenografts sensitive to cannabinoid antitumoral action.

Amphiregulin expression was associated with increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, which mediated the resistance to THC by blunting the expression of p8 and TRB3-two genes involved in cannabinoid-induced apoptosis of glioma cells.

 Our findings therefore identify Amphirregulin as a factor for resistance of glioma cells to THC-induced apoptosis and contribute to unraveling the molecular bases underlying the emerging notion that targeted inhibition of the EGFR pathway can improve the efficacy of antitumoral therapies.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19229996