The peripheral cannabinoid receptor: adenylate cyclase inhibition and G protein coupling.

“Two cannabinoid receptors, designated neuronal (or CB1) and peripheral (or CB2), have recently been cloned. Activation of CB1 receptors leads to inhibition of adenylate cyclase and N-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.

Here we show, using a CB2 transfected Chinese hamster ovary cell line, that this receptor binds a variety of tricyclic cannabinoid ligands as well as the endogenous ligand anandamide.

Activation of the CB2 receptor by various tricyclic cannabinoids inhibits adenylate cyclase activity and this inhibition is pertussis toxin sensitive indicating that this receptor is coupled to the Gi/G(o) GTP-binding proteins…

These results characterize the CB2 receptor as a functional and distinctive member of the cannabinoid receptor family.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7498464

 

Nonclassical cannabinoid analgetics inhibit adenylate cyclase: development of a cannabinoid receptor model.

“Extensive structure-activity relationship studies have demonstrated that specific requirements within the cannabinoid structure are necessary to produce potent analgesia.

A three-point association between the agonist and the receptor mediating analgesia consists of: 1) the C ring hydroxyl, 2) the phenolic A ring hydroxyl, and 3) the A ring alkyl hydrophobic side chain. Potent tricyclic and bicyclic structures were synthesized as “nonclassical” cannabinoid analgetics that conform to this agonist-receptor three-point interaction model.

At the cellular level, centrally active cannabinoid drugs inhibit adenylate cyclase activity in a neuroblastoma cell line. The structure-activity relationship profile for inhibition of adenylate cyclase in vitro was consistent with this same three-point association of agonists with the receptor.

A correlation exists between the potency of drugs to produce analgesia in vivo and to inhibit adenylate cyclase in vitro.

Based on the parallels in structure-activity relationships and the enantioselective effects, it is postulated that the receptor that is associated with the regulation of adenylate cyclase in vitro may be the same receptor as that mediating analgesia in vivo.

A conceptualization of the cannabinoid analgetic receptor is presented.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3352594

Anandamide, a brain endogenous compound, interacts specifically with cannabinoid receptors and inhibits adenylate cyclase.

“A putative endogenous cannabinoid ligand, arachidonylethanolamide (termed “anandamide”), was isolated recently from porcine brain.

Here we demonstrate that this compound is a specific cannabinoid agonist and exerts its action directly via the cannabinoid receptors.

Anandamide specifically binds to membranes from cells transiently (COS) or stably (Chinese hamster ovary) transfected with an expression plasmid carrying the cannabinoid receptor DNA but not to membranes from control nontransfected cells.

Moreover, anandamide inhibited the forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase in the transfected cells and in cells that naturally express cannabinoid receptors (N18TG2 neuroblastoma) but not in control nontransfected cells. As with exogenous cannabinoids…

These data indicate that anandamide is an endogenous agonist that may serve as a genuine neurotransmitter for the cannabinoid receptor.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8515284

Regulation of adenylate cyclase by cannabinoid drugs. Insights based on thermodynamic studies.

“The abilities of lipophilic cannabinoid drugs to regulate adenylate cyclase activity in neuroblastoma cell membranes were analyzed by thermodynamic studies…

These data suggest that, for the entropy-driven hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase enzyme, less disorder of the system occurs in the presence of regulators that inhibit the enzyme via Gi.

In summary, thermodynamic data suggest that cannabidiol can influence adenylate cyclase by increasing membrane fluidity, but that the inhibition of adenylate cyclase by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol is not related to membrane fluidization.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2554920

“Regulation of adenylate cyclase in a cultured neuronal cell line by marijuana constituents, metabolites of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and synthetic analogs having psychoactivity.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2830535

Cannabinoid inhibition of adenylate cyclase: relative activity of constituents and metabolites of marihuana.

“delta 9Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been shown to inhibit the activity of adenylate cyclase in the N18TG2 clone of murine neuroblastoma cells. The concentration of delta 9THC exhibiting half-maximal inhibition was 500 nM. delta 8Tetrahydrocannabinol was less active, and cannabinol was only partially active. Cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabichromene, olivetol and compounds having a reduced length of the C3 alkyl side chain were inactive. The metabolites of delta 8THC and delta 9THC hydroxylated at the C11 position were more potent than the parent drugs. However, hydroxylation at the C8 position of the terpenoid ring resulted in loss of activity. Compounds hydroxylated along the C3 alkyl side chain were equally efficacious but less potent than delta 9THC. These findings are compared to the pharmacology of cannabinoids reported for psychological effects in humans and behavioral effects in a variety of animal models.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3601007

Breast Cancer Patients Helped With Marijuana

breast cancer

“Marijuana has become more widely studied recently for its medicinal properties, but the area is no longer limited to people suffering from pain, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, sleeplessness or disease-induced anorexia. It has now been discovered that breast cancer patients are helped with marijuana through direct anticancer actions that the cannabis species is able to provide.”

More: http://guardianlv.com/2013/12/breast-cancer-patients-helped-with-marijuana/

It’s breast cancer awareness month. Please, BE AWARE:

Paraben Link To Breast Cancer

“Study links milk-producing protein to aggressive breast cancer”  http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/milk-producing-protein-linked-aggressive-breast-cancer-article-1.1228901

“Lactation may be Linked to Aggressive Breast Cancer” http://www.medindia.net/news/lactation-may-be-linked-to-aggressive-breast-cancer-125819-1.htm

“Lactation linked to reduced estrogen receptor-negative, triple-negative breast cancer risk”  http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-lactation-linked-estrogen-receptor-negative-triple-negative.html

“Lactation reduces breast cancer risk” http://www.figo.org/news/lactation-reduces-breast-cancer-risk-0014726

“Breast Cancer Risk Linked to Virus Found in Cattle”  http://www.livescience.com/52314-breast-cancer-risk-bovine-leukemia-virus.html

“BLV Virus in Cattle can Cause Breast Cancer in Humans: Study”  http://northerncalifornian.com/content/52797-blv-virus-cattle-can-cause-breast-cancer-humans-study

“Stress and Its Connection to Breast Cancer”  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/barbara-jacoby/stress-and-its-connection_b_8101534.html

“Activation of Stress Gene Linked to Spread of Breast Cancer” http://www.medindia.net/news/activation-of-stress-gene-linked-to-spread-of-breast-cancer-124044-1.htm

“Stress Linked to Aggressive Breast Cancer” http://psychcentral.com/news/2011/09/20/stress-linked-to-aggressive-breast-cancer/29596.html

“Breastfeeding May Cut Risk For Aggressive Breast Cancer In Black Women”  http://www.rttnews.com/2391242/breastfeeding-may-cut-risk-for-aggressive-breast-cancer-in-black-women.aspx?type=hnr

“Breast-Feeding Cuts ER-Neg Breast Cancer Risk in Black Women”  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/832227?src=rss

“Constant Use of Birth Control Pills Raises Risk of Breast Cancer” http://allafrica.com/stories/201409291755.html

“Breast cancer misdiagnoses cost $4 billion: Study” http://www.cnbc.com/2015/04/06/breast-cancer-misdiagnoses-cost-4-billion-study.html

“‘False-alarm mammograms’ linked to increased breast cancer risk” http://www.foxnews.com/health/2012/04/06/false-alarm-mammograms-linked-to-increased-breast-cancer-risk/

“Mammograms may not reduce breast cancer deaths” http://news.yahoo.com/mammograms-may-not-reduce-breast-cancer-deaths-193337369.html

“Mammograms May Boost Breast Cancer Risk for Some Women” http://abcnews.go.com/Health/CancerPreventionAndTreatment/mammograms-boost-breast-cancer-risk-women/story?id=17181774

“Mammograms, X-rays may increase breast cancer risk in some women with specific genetic mutations” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-57508217-10391704/mammograms-x-rays-may-increase-breast-cancer-risk-in-some-women-with-specific-genetic-mutations/

“Mammograms Linked With Unnecessary Breast Cancer Treatment: Study” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/26/mammogram-unnecessary-breast-cancer-treatment-study_n_2192041.html

“Targeted Radiation for Breast Cancer May Cause More Complications” http://health.usnews.com/health-news/news/articles/2012/10/24/targeted-radiation-for-breast-cancer-may-cause-more-complications

“Shock study: Chemotherapy can backfire, make cancer worse by triggering tumor growth” http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/shock-study-chemotherapy-backfire-cancer-worse-triggering-tumor-growth-article-1.1129897

“Prophylactic Mastectomy Offers Minimal Gain in Breast Cancer”
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/812261
“Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy may not significantly increase life expectancy” http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-10-contralateral-prophylactic-mastectomy-significantly-life.html

“New findings show preemptive mastectomies MAY NOT prevent breast cancer” http://pix11.com/?external_media=new-findings-show-preemptive-mastectomies-may-not-prevent-breast-cancer#axzz2hVJygdk9

“Life Expectancy Might Not Increase Upon Undergoing Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy” http://www.medindia.net/news/life-expectancy-might-not-increase-upon-undergoing-contralateral-prophylactic-mastectomy-126320-1.htm

“Study: Many breast cancer patients opt for unnecessary preventative mastectomies” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-204_162-57603181/study-many-breast-cancer-patients-opt-for-unnecessary-preventative-mastectomies/

“New study finds cancer survivors should keep healthy breasts”  http://wtvr.com/2014/09/26/cancer-survivors-should-keep-healthy-breasts/

“More Younger Women Being Diagnosed with Metastatic Breast Cancer”
http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/20130228

“Study: Breast Cancer Rates Rising in Young Women” http://radio.foxnews.com/2013/02/27/study-breast-cancer-rates-rising-in-young-women/

“Deadly breast cancers are rising in young women”
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/26/breast-cancers-young-women/1949157/

“Advanced breast cancer on the rise in young women, study finds”
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-204_162-57571448/advanced-breast-cancer-on-the-rise-in-young-women-study-finds/

“Report: Breast cancer incidence rates converging among white and African-American women”
http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-10-breast-cancer-incidence-converging-white.html

“Most Common Breast Cancer on the Rise in US” http://www.livescience.com/15271-common-breast-cancer-rise.html

“Breast cancer rates rising in African American women” http://www.examiner.com/article/breast-cancer-rates-rising-african-american-women

“Breast Cancer Rates On The Rise In Black Women, And More Health News This Week” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/04/breast-cancer-black-women-health-news-this-week_n_4043256.html

“Breast cancer rates rising in black women: Report”
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-204_162-57605660/breast-cancer-rates-rising-in-black-women-report/

“Genetics may fuel aggressive breast cancers in black women” http://articles.philly.com/2015-09-06/news/66271522_1_brca-mutations-breast-cancer-african-american-women

“Blood pressure meds linked to raised breast cancer risk” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-204_162-57597082/blood-pressure-meds-linked-to-raised-breast-cancer-risk/

“Some Antihypertensives Linked to Breast Cancer Risk” http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/808935

“Channel Blockers for Blood Pressure Linked to Breast Cancer Risk, Study Finds” http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_139465.html

“Blood pressure drugs linked to higher breast cancer risk” http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/264446.php

“Prescription drugs cause more deaths than breast cancer, car crashes in state”  https://badgerherald.com/news/2015/09/17/prescription-drugs-cause-more-deaths-than-breast-cancer-car-crashes-in-state/

“Research shows antidepressant Paxil may cause breast cancer” http://www.commdiginews.com/news-2/research-shows-antidepressant-paxil-may-cause-breast-cancer-9562/

“Deodorant Linked To Breast Cancer According To New Studies” http://foodworldorder.blogspot.com/2013/09/deodorant-linked-to-breast-cancer.html

“Aluminum in Deodorant Linked to Breast Cancer in New Studies” http://sorendreier.com/aluminum-in-deodorant-linked-to-breast-cancer-in-new-studies/

“New Paraben ‘Link’ To Breast Cancer Risks” http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/12/paraben-chemical-linked-to-breast-cancer_n_1202144.html

“Parabens found in food linked to breast cancer” http://www.healthindex.co.uk/medical-news/parabens-found-in-food-linked-to-breast-cancer/

 “Breast cancer ‘linked’ to chemical jobs, Stirling study suggests” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-20366589

“Study: Lejeune Male Breast Cancer, Water Pollutants May Be Associated” http://www.military.com/daily-news/2015/09/23/study-lejeune-male-breast-cancer-water-pollutants-associated.html

“Pre-childbirth solvent exposure raises breast cancer risk”  http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2014/06/organic-solvent-exposure-breast-cancer-risk-childbirth

“17 Everyday Chemicals Could Be Linked to Breast Cancer” http://time.com/95915/breast-cancer-chemicals/

“Air pollution linked to breast cancer, study suggests” http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101006104003.htm

“New Study Links Plastics Exposure to Breast Cancer” http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2012/11/report-plastics-breast-cancer-link

“Chemical exposures of women workers in the plastics industry with particular reference to breast cancer and reproductive hazards.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23207955

“Auto plastics industry linked to breast cancer, new study shows”  http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2012/11/19/auto_plastics_industry_linked_to_breast_cancer_new_study_shows.html

“Plastics Chemical Promotes Breast Tumors: Study” http://www.newsmax.com/Health/Health-News/bpa-plastics-chemical-cancer/2014/03/07/id/556745/

“Researchers raise concerns about BPA and breast cancer”
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/08/bpa-and-breast-cancer/2834461/
“BPA found to promote breast cancer in new study”
http://www.naturalnews.com/042331_BPA_breast_cancer_carcinogenic_chemicals.html
“Scientists find possible link between BPA and breast cancer” http://www.pentagonpost.com/scientists-find-link-bpa-breast-cancer/83412875
“Study: BPA Is in Wide Variety of Paper Products. Chemical Bisphenol A Is Found in Napkins, Toilet Paper, and Cash Register Receipts” http://www.webmd.com/cancer/news/20111202/study-bpa-is-in-wide-variety-of-paper-products?page=2
“Study: BPA Common in Kids’ Canned Foods. Researchers Say Potentially Harmful Chemical Is Leaching Into Soup From Cans”
http://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20110920/study-bpa-common-in-kids-canned-foods
“Eating Fresh Foods May Cut Exposure to BPA. Study: Avoiding Packaged, Canned Foods May Reduce Levels of the Chemical Bisphenol A”
http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/news/20110330/eating-fresh-foods-may-cut-exposure-to-bpa

“BPA may limit the effectiveness of commonly used anti-cancer drugs” http://www.cpmc.org/about/press/news2011/bisphenol-breastcells.html

 “Pesticide linked to breast cancerhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/227178.stm

“Study links pesticide DDT to higher breast cancer risk” http://news.yahoo.com/study-links-pesticide-ddt-higher-breast-cancer-risk-154816085.html

“High traffic pollution ‘can double risk of breast cancer’ study finds”  http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1318343/High-pollution-double-risk-breast-cancer.html

“Breast Implants Linked To Rare Cancer Fda Says” http://news.us-daily.com/news/breast-implants-linked-to-rare-cancer-fda-says

“Rare cancer linked to breast implants” http://www.webmd.boots.com/cancer/news/20110128/rare-cancer-linked-to-breast-implants

“Bigger bra size ‘linked with breast cancer'” http://www.nhs.uk/news/2012/07July/Pages/bust-size-and-breast-cancer-risk.aspx

“No association found between wearing a bra and breast cancer”  http://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/no-association-found-between-wearing-a-bra-and-breast-cancer/article/374319/

“Wearing a bra won’t give you breast cancer: study” http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/bras-don-breast-cancer-study-article-1.1929184

“No, Wearing a Bra Will Not Give You Breast Cancer, Study Shows” http://time.com/3271011/bras-dont-cause-breast-cancer/

“Doctors: Women who store phone in bras at risk for breast cancer” http://wtvr.com/2012/11/19/doctors-women-who-store-phone-in-bras-at-risk-for-breast-cancer/

“Rat study suggests light at night might hamper breast cancer therapy”  http://www.ktbs.com/story/26655311/rat-study-suggests-light-at-night-might-hamper-breast-cancer-therapy

“Low Melatonin Raises Breast Cancer Risk” http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=117176

“High cholesterol fuels the growth and spread of breast cancer” http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-11/dumc-hcf112113.php

“Cholesterol and fat in American diet fuels breast cancer” http://www.emaxhealth.com/1020/cholesterol-and-fat-american-diet-fuels-breast-cancer

“Healthy caffeine: Study proves coffee can ward off breast cancer” http://www.rt.com/news/251041-coffee-cancer-prevention-study/

“Coffee protects against breast cancer recurrence, detailed findings confirm”  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150421084531.htm

“Long-term night work linked to higher breast cancer risk” http://www.ctvnews.ca/health/health-headlines/long-term-night-work-linked-to-higher-breast-cancer-risk-1.1349734

“Night Shift Linked to Increased Breast Cancer Risk” http://hvilmia.ktvq.com/news/night-shift-linked-to-increased-breast-cancer-risk/

“Sleep Problems Linked to Aggressive Breast Cancer” http://psychcentral.com/news/2012/08/28/sleep-problems-linked-to-aggressive-breast-cancer/43772.html

“Good sleep may improve breast cancer survival” https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2015/06/good-sleep-may-improve-breast-cancer-survival.html

“Study Examines Link Between Breast Cancer and Diabetes” http://healthyliving.msn.com/diseases/breast-cancer/study-examines-link-between-breast-cancer-and-diabetes

“Sex hormones linked to breast cancer risk in women under 50” http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-07-sex-hormones-linked-breast-cancer.html

“Hormone Therapy, Breast Cancer Link” http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6973527n

“Menopause Hormone Linked to Breast Cancer”   http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/03/us/menopause-hormone-linked-to-breast-cancer.html

“Folic acid linked to breast cancer growth in animal study” http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/271601.php

 “Mediterranean Diet With Olive Oil Linked to Lower Breast Cancer Risk”                            http://time.com/4033374/mediterranean-diet-breast-cancer/

“Olive oil may help prevent breast cancer” http://www.cnbc.com/2015/09/17/olive-oil-may-help-prevent-breast-cancer.html

“Can Flax Seeds Help Prevent Breast Cancer?” http://www.care2.com/greenliving/can-flax-seeds-help-prevent-breast-cancer.html

“Study: overnight fasting may reduce risk of breast cancer” http://www.kusi.com/story/28903328/study-overnight-fasting-may-reduce-risk-of-breast-cancer

“Alcohol Linked with Lobular Breast Cancer” http://news.cancerconnect.com/alcohol-linked-with-lobular-breast-cancer/

 “Breast Cancer Link To Alcohol Before Pregnancy” http://news.sky.com/story/1134459/breast-cancer-link-to-alcohol-before-pregnancy

 “Light drinking linked to breast cancer risk” http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/medical/health/medical/breastcancer/story/2011-11-01/Light-drinking-linked-to-slight-breast-cancer-risk/51030414/1

“UVic study links low-level alcohol consumption to breast cancer”  http://www.vancouversun.com/health/University+Victoria+study+links+level+alcohol+consumption+breast/10239787/story.html

“Even a little alcohol boosts risk of breast cancer: University of Victoria research”  http://metronews.ca/news/vancouver/1166517/even-a-little-alcohol-boosts-risk-of-breast-cancer-university-of-victoria-research/

“Study confirms breast cancer link to low alcohol use” http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-breast-cancer-link-alcohol.html

“Moderate Drinking Increases Breast Cancer Risk” http://www.medpagetoday.com/HematologyOncology/BreastCancer/29392

“Heavy Drinking Raises Risk of Breast Cancer” http://www.tusaludmag.com/articles/Drinking_and_Cancer_2096_22191.shtml

 “Sugar Intake and Breast Cancer Risk”
http://health.yahoo.net/experts/breastcancer/sugar-intake-and-breast-cancer-risk

“Prolonged sitting linked to breast cancer, colon cancer” http://inthenews.mayoclinic.org/2011/11/03/prolonged-sitting-linked-to-breast-cancer-colon-cancer/

“Skirt size increase linked to breast cancer risk, says study” http://www.bbc.com/news/health-29351249

“DRUG MADE FROM HERBS MAY FIGHT BREAST CANCER”  http://www.futurity.org/breast-cancer-luteolin-998922/

“Cannabis compound ‘halts cancer'”
“A compound found in cannabis may stop breast cancer spreading throughout the body, US scientists believe.”  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7098340.stm

“Increasing skirt size linked to breast cancer risk”  http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/09/25/increasing-skirt-size-linked-to-breast-cancer-risk/

“Marijuana Compound May Stop Breast Cancer From Spreading, Study Says”  http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/11/19/marijuana-compound-may-stop-breast-cancer-from-spreading-study-says/

“Obesity linked to recurrence of breast cancer” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-57501258/obesity-linked-to-recurrence-of-breast-cancer/

“Obesity a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer Deaths”  http://www.keyc.com/story/26551590/obesity-a-risk-factor-for-breast-cancer-deaths

“The fatter a woman becomes, the higher her risk of breast cancer”  http://www.wwl.com/The-fatter-a-woman-becomes-the-higher-her-risk-of-/20003707

“Obesity Fuels Breast Ca by Altering Tissue Microenvironment” http://www.clinicaloncology.com/ViewArticle.aspx?d=Web%2BExclusives&d_id=245&i=September+2015&i_id=1224&a_id=33552

“Exercise, weight control reduce risk of breast cancer” http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/01/breast-cancer-exercise-weight-control/2795127/

“Exercise Benefits Breast Cancer Patients” http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/news/20120415/exercise-benefits-breast-cancer-patients

“How Exercise May Reduce Breast Cancer Risk ” http://news.health.com/2013/04/09/new-clues-to-how-exercise-may-reduce-breast-cancer-risk/

“Exercise scores over diet in lowering breast cancer risk”  http://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/news/exercise-is-the-best-way-to-cure-breast-cancer-risk-3562.html

“Control of Breast Cancer by the Endocannabinoid System”
http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/K01-CA111723-01A2

“Exercise activates the endocannabinoid system”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14625449

“The endocannabinoid system and cancer: therapeutic implication”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165955/..

.”Exercise Helps Prevent Breast Cancer”
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=116923&page=

“Walking Can Reduce Breast Cancer Risk”
http://healthland.time.com/2013/10/04/walking-can-reduce-breast-cancer-risk/

“Breast Cancer May Be Linked to Digestion” http://www.care2.com/greenliving/breast-cancer-may-be-linked-to-digestion.html

“Design a healthy diet to help reduce breast cancer risk”  http://www.tauntongazette.com/article/20140930/LIFESTYLE/140939803

“Breast cancer risk may be lower for women with diverse gut bacteria”  http://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/breast-cancer-risk-may-be-lower-for-women-with-diverse-gut-bacteria/article/371442/

“High fat diet linked to breast cancer” http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/jul/18/research.sciencenews

“High-fat diet during puberty linked to breast cancer risk later in life” http://phys.org/news202487777.html

“Starch intake linked to breast cancer risk” http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/starch-intake-linked-to-breast-cancer-risk-1.1081947

“Scientists from the University of Missouri in Columbia claim that luteolin, which occurs naturally in herbs and vegetables, can slow the development of breast cancer.” http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/299389.php

“Certain Fruits and Vegetables Linked to Lower Breast Cancer Risk”  http://healthland.time.com/2012/12/07/certain-fruits-and-vegetables-linked-to-lower-breast-cancer-risk/

“Want To Lower Breast Cancer Risk? Eat Some Broccoli And Celery” http://www.techtimes.com/articles/84267/20150915/want-to-lower-breast-cancer-risk-eat-some-broccoli-and-celery.htm

“Broccoli Compound Found to Reduce Breast Cancer Risk” http://www.newsmax.com/Health/Health-News/breast-cancer-natural-broccoli/2015/09/10/id/684172/

“High fruit and vegetable intake has been linked with a reduced risk of breast cancer,” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12704679

“Apples are recommended for breast cancer” http://foodforbreastcancer.com/foods/apples

“Drug Boosts Survival Against Type of Breast Cancer. Women with HER2-positive tumors gained an average 16 more months of life with Perjeta, study finds” http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/news/20140929/drug-gives-big-survival-boost-against-type-of-advanced-breast-cancer

“Natural compound attacks HER2 positive breast cancer cells. The compound is called psoralen, a natural component found in foods such as figs and celery,” http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/02/140217200755.htm

“Research finds link between chronic inflammation, tumor development in breast cancer”  http://www.local10.com/news/health/research-finds-link-between-chronic-inflammation-tumor-development-in-breast-cancer/33510556

Height linked to breast cancer risk” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/941890.stm

“Lack of sun exposure linked to breast cancer” http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10-24/breast-cancer-linked-to-amount-of-sun-exposure/4331772

“Hunger linked to increased risk of breast cancer in women” http://www.news-medical.net/news/20120926/Hunger-linked-to-increased-risk-of-breast-cancer-in-women.aspx

“U.S. Breast Cancer Cases Could Rise 50 Percent by 2030” http://consumer.healthday.com/cancer-information-5/breast-cancer-news-94/u-s-breast-cancer-cases-could-rise-50-percent-by-2030-698447.html

 “Antitumor Activity of Plant Cannabinoids with Emphasis on the Effect of Cannabidiol on Human Breast Carcinoma.”” http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/318/3/1375.long

“Cannabinoids: a new hope for breast cancer therapy? … cannabinoids, the active components of Cannabis sativa… possess anticancer activity. Thus, these compounds exert anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-migratory and anti-invasive actions in a wide spectrum of cancer cells… Moreover, tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis are hampered by cannabinoids… cannabinoid-based medicines may be useful for the treatment of most breast tumor subtypes.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22776349

“Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19887554

“Here, we show that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), through activation of CB2 cannabinoid receptors, reduces human breast cancer cell proliferation by blocking the progression of the cell cycle and by inducing apoptosis.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818634

“Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis)” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26873/

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Inhibits Cell Cycle Progression in Human Breast Cancer Cells through Cdc2 Regulation.. Taken together, these data might set the bases for a cannabinoid therapy for the management of breast cancer.”  http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/66/13/6615.long

“Cannabinoids reduce ErbB2-driven breast cancer progression through Akt inhibition… ErbB2-positive breast cancer is characterized by highly aggressive phenotypes and reduced responsiveness to standard therapies…The purpose of this study was to determine whether cannabinoids might constitute a new therapeutic tool for the treatment of ErbB2-positive breast tumors… Our results show that both Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the most abundant and potent cannabinoid in marijuana, and JWH-133, a non-psychotropic CB2 receptor-selective agonist, reduce tumor growth, tumor number, and the amount/severity of lung metastases… Histological analyses of the tumors revealed that cannabinoids inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce cancer cell apoptosis, and impair tumor angiogenesis. Cannabinoid antitumoral action… these results provide a strong preclinical evidence for the use of cannabinoid-based therapies for the management of ErbB2-positive breast cancer.”  http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/9/1/196

“Use of cannabinoid receptor agonists in cancer therapy as palliative and curative agents… not only as palliative but also as curative drugs.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19285265

“New Research Shows How Marijuana Compound Can Reduce Tumor Growth In Cancer Patients…THC, the major active component of marijuana, has anti-cancer properties,”  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/16/marijuana-tumors_n_5588639.html

“Marijuana compound could help fight breast cancer” http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?id=5771385

“Cannabis Compound May Stop Metastatic Breast Cancer” http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/story?id=4509456

“Cannabis compound stops spread of breast cancer: researchers” http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cannabis-compound-stops-spread-of-breast-cancer-researchers-1.675379

Down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by cannabidiolic acid in human breast cancer cells. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved not only in inflammatory processes, but also in the metastasis of cancer cells… cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), a selective COX-2 inhibitor found in the fiber-type cannabis plant…Taken together, the results obtained here demonstrated that i) CBDA had dual inhibitory effects on COX-2 through down-regulation and enzyme inhibition, and ii) CBDA may possess the ability to suppress genes that are positively involved in the metastasis of cancer cells in vitro.”http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25242400

“Cannabidiolic acid as a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory component in cannabis…Taken together, these lines of evidence in this study suggest that naturally occurring CBDA in cannabis is a selective inhibitor for COX-2.”  http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/36/9/1917.long

“Cannabidiolic acid, a major cannabinoid in fiber-type cannabis, is an inhibitor of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell migration… Cannabidiol (CBD)… anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells…CBD is obtained from non-enzymatic decarboxylati…on of its parent molecule, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA)…The data presented in this report suggest for the first time that as an active component in the cannabis plant, CBDA offers potential therapeutic modality in the abrogation of cancer cell migration, including aggressive breast cancers.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22963825
“Pathways mediating the effects of cannabidiol on the reduction of breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Our data demonstrate the efficacy of CBD in pre-clinical models of breast cancer. CBD inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion. The results have the potential to lead to the development of novel non-toxic compounds for the treatment of breast cancer…” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410650/

“Cannabidiol Induces Programmed Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cells by Coordinating the Cross-talk between Apoptosis and Autophagy… In summary, we showed that CBD, a plant-derived cannabinoid, preferentially kills breast cancer cells…” http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/10/7/1161.long

“Cannabidiol (CBD) Shown To Kill Breast Cancer Cells”  http://www.cafemom.com/group/99198/forums/read/19190923/Cannabidiol_CBD_Shown_To_Kill_Breast_Cancer_Cells

“Cannabis Kills Cancer Cells. Marijuana also found to prevent pain associated with chemotherapy”  http://guardianlv.com/2013/08/cannabis-kills-cancer-cells/

“Cannabis has been shown to kill cancer cells…” http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/patient/page1

“…cannabinoids may be able to kill cancer cells while protecting normal cells… A laboratory study of delta-9-THC… showed that it damaged or killed the cancer cells…A laboratory study of cannabidiol… showed that it caused cancer cell death…” http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/patient/page2

“Cannabinoids appear to kill tumor cells but do not effect their nontransformed counterparts and may even protect them from cell death.” http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/healthprofessional/page4

“Because cannabinoid receptors, unlike opioid receptors, are not located in the brainstem areas controlling respiration, lethal overdoses from Cannabis and cannabinoids do not occur.” http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/healthprofessional/page6

“…our studies have identified Id-1 as a critical regulator of breast cancer progression and suggest the feasibility of developing novel therapeutic approaches to target Id-1 expression to reduce breast cancer metastasis in humans.” http://www.pnas.org/content/100/23/13543

“Recent Research on Cannabinoids. We targeted breast cancer cells that expressed high amounts of the protein Id-1. CBD is highly effective at turning off this specific gene that controls breast cancer metastasis.” http://www.cpmc.org/professionals/research/programs/science/cannabidiolarticles.html

“Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells… CBD represents the first nontoxic exogenous agent that can significantly decrease Id-1 expression in metastatic breast cancer cells leading to the down-regulation of tumor aggressiveness…reducing Id-1 expression with cannabinoids could also provide a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of additional aggressive cancers because Id-1 expression was found to be up-regulated during the progression of almost all types…” http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/6/11/2921.long

“Bay Area Researchers Claim Cannabis Can Cure Cancer” http://blogs.ocweekly.com/navelgazing/2013/04/bay_area_researchers_claim_can.php

“Cannabis oil stopped my cancer says Lake Macquarie’s Susannah Patch. A LAKE Macquarie woman whose ‘‘aggressive’’ breast cancer spread to various parts of her body including her spine and lungs credits her remarkable recovery to cannabis oil.”  http://www.theherald.com.au/story/2587931/cannabis-oil-stopped-my-cancer/?cs=12

Cannabidiol (CBD) Shown To Kill Breast Cancer Cells

 “Cannabidiol (CBD) has been on the receiving end of a lot of attention from the scientific community for several decades now. However, it is only now that we are really starting to begin to get a grasp on how wonderful this cannabinoid truly is.

 

A study from 2011 states that cannabidiol is considered an antineoplastic agent on the basis of its in vitro and in vivo activity against tumor cells. However, the exact molecular mechanism through which CBD works in this capacity is yet to be understood. The study, titled “Cannabidiol Induces Programmed Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cells by Coordinating the Cross-talk between Apoptosis and Autophagy,” focuses on how CBD can kill breast cancer cells. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women in the United States.

What the scientists found was that CBD influences apoptosis by interacting with a key protein, called beclin-1, found within the cancerous cell. Beclin-1 is also known to play a key role in autophagy, or cellular self-degradation of non-vital components, which may lead to programmed cell death. This causes a distortion of the electrical signals between the outer mitochondrial membrane and the rest of the cell, disrupting the transfer to the cell interior of certain molecules that are necessary for metabolism. What this means is that the cell cannot transfer energy, and the cell starves to death, and in doing so activates the self-destruction process of apoptosis.

The study concludes by stating, “In summary, we showed that CBD, a plant-derived cannabinoid, preferentially kills breast cancer cells by inducing ER stress, inhibiting mTOR signaling, enhancing ROS generation, and mediating a complex balance between autophagy and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. These findings support the continued exploration of CBD as an alternative agent for breast cancer treatment.””

http://cbdgum.networkofhemp.com/cannabidiol-cbd-shown-to-kill-breast-cancer-cells/

“Cannabidiol Induces Programmed Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cells by Coordinating the Cross-talk between Apoptosis and Autophagy… In summary, we showed that CBD, a plant-derived cannabinoid, preferentially kills breast cancer cells…” http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/10/7/1161.full

Therapeutic potential of cannabinoid medicines.

Drug Testing and Analysis

“Cannabis was extensively used as a medicine throughout the developed world in the nineteenth century but went into decline early in the twentieth century ahead of its emergence as the most widely used illicit recreational drug later that century. Recent advances in cannabinoid pharmacology alongside the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) have re-ignited interest in cannabis-based medicines.

The ECS has emerged as an important physiological system and plausible target for new medicines. Its receptors and endogenous ligands play a vital modulatory role in diverse functions including immune response, food intake, cognition, emotion, perception, behavioural reinforcement, motor co-ordination, body temperature, wake/sleep cycle, bone formation and resorption, and various aspects of hormonal control. In disease it may act as part of the physiological response or as a component of the underlying pathology.

In the forefront of clinical research are the cannabinoids delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, and their contrasting pharmacology will be briefly outlined. The therapeutic potential and possible risks of drugs that inhibit the ECS will also be considered. This paper will then go on to review clinical research exploring the potential of cannabinoid medicines in the following indications: symptomatic relief in multiple sclerosis, chronic neuropathic pain, intractable nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite and weight in the context of cancer or AIDS, psychosis, epilepsy, addiction, and metabolic disorders.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24006213

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1529/abstract