Category Archives: Depression

Endocannabinoids and Mental Disorders.

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“Preclinical and clinical data fully support the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the etiopathogenesis of several mental diseases.

In this review we will briefly summarize the most common alterations in the endocannabinoid system, in terms of cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoid levels, present in mood disorders (anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, and suicidality) as well as psychosis (schizophrenia) and autism.

The arising picture for each pathology is not always straightforward; however, both animal and human studies seem to suggest that pharmacological modulation of this system might represent a novel approach for treatment.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26408164

Cannabinoid receptor activation prevents the effects of chronic mild stress on emotional learning and LTP in a rat model of depression.

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“The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of stress-related emotional disorders.

Recent data suggest that the eCB system could represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment of depression.

The findings suggest that enhancing cannabinoid signaling could represent a novel approach to the treatment of cognitive deficits that accompany stress-related depression.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924526/

http://www.thctotalhealthcare.com/category/depression-2/

High Times for Painful Blues: The Endocannabinoid System in Pain-Depression Comorbidity.

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“Depression and pain are two of the most debilitating disorders worldwide and have an estimated cooccurrence of up to 80%. Comorbidity of these disorders is more difficult to treat, associated with significant disability and impaired health-related quality of life than either condition alone, resulting in enormous social and economic cost.

Several neural substrates have been identified as potential mediators in the association between depression and pain, including neuroanatomical reorganization, monoamine and neurotrophin depletion, dysregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, and neuroinflammation.

However, the past decade has seen mounting evidence supporting a role for the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system in affective and nociceptive processing, and thus, alterations in this system may play a key role in reciprocal interactions between depression and pain.

This review will provide an overview of the preclinical evidence supporting an interaction between depression and pain and the evidence supporting a role for the endocannabinoid system in this interaction.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26342110

“The plant Cannabis sativa has been used as a medicine throughout the world for several thousand years, with reports of its use in treating painful symptoms appearing as early as 2600 BC. The principal psychoactive ingredient of Cannabis sativa, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), was first identified in 1964, and subsequent studies to understand its mechanism of action led to the discovery of the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system… Because of the distribution of the endocannabinoid system throughout spinal and supraspinal regions, it is in a prime position to regulate neurophysiological activities such as affective and nociceptive processing… evidence suggests a prominent role for the endocannabinoid system in the interaction between depression and pain,” http://ijnp.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/09/04/ijnp.pyv095.long

[The endocannabinoid system role in the pathogenesis of obesity and depression].

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“Excessive consumption and obesity do not always have to be strictly pathological. The adjustment of food intake as well as the pleasure of eating are the results of the circulation of neurotransmitters, hormones and glucocorticoids which have an ability to regulate the activity of many receptors connected with G protein, including endocannabinoid receptors.

The key role of endocannabinoids in pathogenesis of obesity is their overproduction by adipose cells.

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) affect CB1 receptors and increase hunger, willingness to intake food, decrease peristalsis and delay stomach emptying.

In obese people increased levels of both central and peripheral endocannabinoids are observed. It may be connected with higher availability of endocannabinoid precursors to synthesis from adipose tissue and lipids.

Raised concentration of eCBs in the body may be the consequence of their catabolism dysfunction. There is a positive correlation between amount the number of receptors in the peripheral tissues and obesity increase.

It is thought that expression of CB1 receptors in mesolimbic system is connected with motivation to consume food in response to rewarding factor.

The appetite increase after cannabinoids use is probably caused by rewarding action of the consumed food and it results from excessive dopaminergic transmission in award system.

The pharmacological inhibition of endocannabinoids activity leads to weight loss, but may also have negative consequences such as decreased mood, reduced tolerance of pain, intensified anxiety, anhedonia, depressive symptoms, even suicidal thoughts.

In post mortem examinations a decrease in CB1 receptor density in grey matter of glial cells in patients with major depression was identified. The pleiotropic and extensive activity of endocannabinoid system can influence a range of neurotransmitters thereby modulating the psychiatric life phenomena, simultaneously being involved in metabolism control and energetic system of human body.

Hence it is a link between metabolic disorders and depression and anxiety disorders. Therefore, in obese people depressive comorbidity is higher and it significantly worsens prognosis and decreases life quality.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277182

Anxiety, Stress, and Fear Response in Mice with Reduced Endocannabinoid Levels.

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Disruption of the endocannabinoid system through pharmacological or genetic invalidation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors has been linked to depression in humans and depression-like behaviors in mice.

We generated and used knockout mice lacking DAGL-α (Dagla-/-) to assess the behavioral consequences of reduced endocannabinoid levels in the brain…

Our findings demonstrate that the deletion of Dagla adversely affects the emotional state of animals and results in enhanced anxiety, stress, and fear responses.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25981172

[Cannabinoids in medicine].

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“Cannabinoids have been known for many centuries because of their various effects in healthcare. They are primarily effective in reducing nausea, vomiting, pain, anorexia, spasticity and depression. Some other effects are known, all seem to be mediated by cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system. In the past years, medical use has been proven in several studies. Today, the therapeutical use of cannabinoids in medicine is increasing, and access was made easier. Especially in pain-management and palliative care, they seem to be a valuable therapeutic option.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165445

For whom the endocannabinoid tolls: Modulation of innate immune function and implications for psychiatric disorders.

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“Over the past decade, there has been increasing evidence demonstrating that the endocannabinoid system can elicit potent modulatory effects on inflammatory processes, with clinical and preclinical evidence demonstrating beneficial effects on disease severity and symptoms in several inflammatory conditions.

This review examines the evidence supporting a modulatory effect of endocannabinoids on TLR-mediated immune responses both peripherally and centrally, and the implications for psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia.

CLASSES OF CANNABINOID-BASED PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS CITED IN THE REVIEW: Nonselective CB1/CB2 agonists: Δ9-THC, HU210, CP55940, WIN55,212-2 Selective CB2 agonists: JWH-015 FAAH inhibitors: URB597, AA-5HT MAGL/ABHD6 inhibitors: JZL184, MJN110, KML129, WWL70 Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitors: UCM707, OMDM1/2, AM404.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794989

The potential of inhibitors of endocannabinoid metabolism as anxiolytic and antidepressive drugs-A practical view.

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“The endocannabinoid system, comprising cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, their endogenous ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglyerol, and their synthetic and metabolic enzymes, are involved in many biological processes in the body, ranging from appetite to bone turnover.

Compounds inhibiting the breakdown of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol increase brain levels of these lipids and thus modulate endocannabinoid signalling.

In the present review, the preclinical evidence that these enzymes are good targets for development of novel therapies for anxiety and depression are discussed from a practical, rather than mechanistic, point of view.

It is concluded that the preclinical data are promising, albeit tempered by problems of tolerance as well as effects upon learning and memory for irreversible monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors, and limited by a focus upon male rodents alone.

Clinical data so far has been restricted to safety studies with inhibitors of anandamide hydrolysis and a hitherto unpublished study on such a compound in elderly patients with major depressive disorders, but under the dose regimes used, they are well tolerated and show no signs of “cannabis-like” behaviours.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25791296

Interactions of the opioid and cannabinoid systems in reward: Insights from knockout studies.

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“The opioid system consists of three receptors, mu, delta, and kappa, which are activated by endogenous opioid peptides (enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins).

The endogenous cannabinoid system comprises lipid neuromodulators (endocannabinoids), enzymes for their synthesis and their degradation and two well-characterized receptors, cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2.

These systems play a major role in the control of pain as well as in mood regulation, reward processing and the development of addiction.

Both opioid and cannabinoid receptors are coupled to G proteins and are expressed throughout the brain reinforcement circuitry.

A better understanding of opioid-cannabinoid interactions may provide novel strategies for therapies in addicted individuals.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25698968

Antidepressant-like effects of the cannabinoid receptor ligands in the forced swimming test in mice: Mechanism of action and possible interactions with cholinergic system.

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“The purpose of the experiments was to explore the role of the endocannabinoid system, through cannabinoid (CB) receptor ligands, nicotine and scopolamine, in the depression-related responses using the forced swimming test (FST) in mice…

Our results provide clear evidence that the endocannabinoid system participates in the depression-related behavior and through interactions with cholinergic system modulate these kind of responses.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25660201

http://www.thctotalhealthcare.com/category/depression-2/