“Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cannabis sativa L. is among numerous medicinal plants widely used in traditional medicine in treating various ailments including kidney diseases.
Aims: The protective effect of C. sativa on oxidative stress, cholinergic and purinergic dysfunctions, and dysregulated glucogenic activities were investigated in oxidative injured kidney (Vero) cell lines.
Methods: Fixed Vero cells were treated with sequential extracts (hexane, dichloromethane [DCM] and ethanol) of C. sativa leaves for 48 h before subjecting to MTT assay. Vero cells were further incubated with FeSO4 for 30 minutes, following pretreatment with C. sativa extracts for 25 minutes. Normal control consisted of Vero cells not treated with the extracts and/or FeSO4, while untreated (negative) control consisted of cells treated with only FeSO4.
Results: MTT assay revealed the extracts were slightly cytotoxic at the highest concentrations (250 μg/mL). There was a significant depletion in glutathione level and catalase activity on induction of oxidative stress, with significant elevation in malondialdehyde level, acetylcholinesterase, ATPase, ENTPDase, fructose-1,6-biphosphatase, glucose 6-phosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase activities. These activities and levels were significantly reversed following pretreatment with C. sativa extracts.
Conclusion: These results portray the protective potentials of C. sativa against iron-mediated oxidative renal injury as depicted by the ability of its extracts to mitigate redox imbalance and suppress acetylcholinestererase activity, while concomitantly modulating purinergic and glucogenic enzymes activities in Vero cells.”
“Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and even induces remote organ damage.
“Cannabis (marijuana, weed, pot, ganja, Mary Jane) is the most commonly used federally illicit drug in the United States.
“Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a life-threatening complication of end-stage liver disease characterized by the rapid decline of kidney function. Herein, we explored the therapeutic potential of targeting the 
“Uremia leads to a number of metabolic and hormonal disorders including defective carbohydrate metabolism.
“Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD), defined as the replacement of functional renal tissue by extracellular matrix proteins, remains the first cause of graft loss.
“Obesity, an important risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD), affects the kidneys by two main molecular signaling pathways: the endocannabinoid/CB1 R system, whose activation in obesity promotes renal inflammation, fibrosis, and injury; and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which generates reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative stress. Hence, a combined peripheral inhibitory molecule that targets both CB1 R and iNOS may serve as an efficacious therapeutic agent against obesity-induced CKD.
“Kidney ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is an important health problem resulting in acute renal failure. After IR, the inflammatory and apoptotic process is triggered.
“As the prevalence of kidney disease continues to rise worldwide, there is accumulating evidence that kidney injury and dysfunction, whether acute or chronic, is associated with major adverse outcomes, including mortality. Meanwhile, effective therapeutic options in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been sparse.