Cannabinoids and Tremor Induced by Motor-related Disorders: Friend or Foe?

“Tremor arises from an involuntary, rhythmic muscle contraction/relaxation cycle and is a common disabling symptom of many motor-related diseases such as Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, Huntington disease, and forms of ataxia.

In the wake of anecdotal, largely uncontrolled, observations claiming the amelioration of some symptoms among cannabis smokers, and the high density of cannabinoid receptors in the areas responsible for motor function, including basal ganglia and cerebellum, many researchers have pursued the question of whether cannabinoid-based compounds could be used therapeutically to alleviate tremor associated with central nervous system diseases.

In this review, we focus on possible effects of cannabinoid-based medicines, in particular on Parkinsonian and multiple sclerosis-related tremors and the common probable molecular mechanisms. While, at present, inconclusive results have been obtained, future investigations should extend preclinical studies with different cannabinoids to controlled clinical trials to determine potential benefits in tremor.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26152606

The endocannabinoid system as a target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.

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“The Cannabis sativa plant has been exploited for medicinal, agricultural and spiritual purposes in diverse cultures over thousands of years.

Cannabis has been used recreationally for its psychotropic properties, while effects such as stimulation of appetite, analgesia and anti-emesis have lead to the medicinal application of cannabis.

Indeed, reports of medicinal efficacy of cannabis can been traced back as far as 2700 BC, and even at that time reports also suggested a neuroprotective effect of the cultivar.

…alterations in the endocannabinoid system have been extensively investigated in a range of neurodegenerative disorders.

In this review we examine the evidence implicating the endocannabinoid system in the cause, symptomatology or treatment of neurodegenerative disease. We examine data from human patients and compare and contrast this with evidence from animal models of these diseases. On the basis of this evidence we discuss the likely efficacy of endocannabinoid-based therapies in each disease context.

There has been anecdotal and preliminary scientific evidence of cannabis affording symptomatic relief in diverse neurodegenerative disorders. These include multiple sclerosis, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

This evidence implied that hypofunction or dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system may be responsible for some of the symptomatology of these diseases.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2931550/

Differential upregulation of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in neurotoxic and inflammation-driven rat models of Parkinson’s disease.

“The cannabinoid CB2 receptor has recently emerged as a potential anti-inflammatory target to break the self-sustaining cycle of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration that is associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

…the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the changes that occur in the endocannabinoid system in neurotoxic and inflammation-driven models of Parkinson’s disease.

…this study has shown that the endocannabinoid system is dysregulated in animal models of Parkinson’s disease, and has also revealed significant differences in the level of dysregulation between the models themselves.

This study indicates that targeting the CB2 receptor may represent a viable target for anti-inflammatory disease modification in Parkinson’s disease.”

 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25895887

http://www.thctotalhealthcare.com/category/parkinsons-disease/

Promising cannabinoid-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease: motor symptoms to neuroprotection.

“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slow insidious neurological disorder characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Although several recent preclinical advances have proposed to treat PD, there is hardly any clinically proved new therapeutic for its cure.

Increasing evidence suggests a prominent modulatory function of the cannabinoid signaling system in the basal ganglia. Hence, use of cannabinoids as a new therapeutic target has been recommended as a promising therapy for PD.

The elements of the endocannabinoid system are highly expressed in the neural circuit of basal ganglia wherein they bidirectionally interact with dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic signaling systems.

As the cannabinoid signaling system undergoes a biphasic pattern of change during progression of PD, it explains the motor inhibition typically observed in patients with PD.

Cannabinoid agonists such as WIN-55,212-2 have been demonstrated experimentally as neuroprotective agents in PD, with respect to their ability to suppress excitotoxicity, glial activation, and oxidative injury that causes degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.

Additional benefits provided by cannabinoid related compounds including CE-178253, oleoylethanolamide, nabilone and HU-210 have been reported to possess efficacy against bradykinesia and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in PD.

Despite promising preclinical studies for PD, use of cannabinoids has not been studied extensively at the clinical level. In this review, we reassess the existing evidence suggesting involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the cause, symptomatology, and treatment of PD. We will try to identify future threads of research that will help in the understanding of the potential therapeutic benefits of the cannabinoid system for treating PD.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25888232

“To conclude, development of safe, effective cannabis-based medicines targeting different mechanisms may have a significant impact in PD therapy.”

Full-text: http://www.molecularneurodegeneration.com/content/10/1/17

http://www.thctotalhealthcare.com/category/parkinsons-disease/

The role of cannabinoids and leptin in neurological diseases.

“Cannabinoids exert a neuroprotective influence on some neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.

Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists/antagonists or compounds can provide symptom relief or control the progression of neurological diseases. However, the molecular mechanism and the effectiveness of these agents in controlling the progression of most of these diseases remain unclear.

Cannabinoids may exert effects via a number of mechanisms and interactions with neurotransmitters, neurotropic factors and neuropeptides.

Leptin is a peptide hormone involved in the regulation of food intake and energy balance via its actions on specific hypothalamic nuclei. Leptin receptors are widely expressed throughout the brain, especially in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, cortex and cerebellum. Leptin has also shown neuroprotective properties in a number of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.

Therefore, cannabinoid and leptin hold therapeutic potential for neurological diseases.

Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects on these agents may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neurological disorders.”

Potential of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor as a pharmacological target against inflammation in Parkinson’s disease.

“Inflammation is an important pathogenic factor in Parkinson’s disease (PD), so that it can contribute to kill dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and to enhance the dopaminergic denervation of the striatum.

The cannabinoid type-2 (CB2) receptor has been investigated as a potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective target in different neurodegenerative disorders, but still limited evidence has been collected in PD.

Here, we show for the first time that CB2 receptors are elevated in microglial cells recruited and activated at lesioned sites in the substantia nigra of PD patients compared to control subjects.

Using this experimental model, we recently described a much more intense deterioration of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing nigral neurons in CB2 receptor-deficient mice compared to wild-type animals, supporting a potential neuroprotective role for this receptor. In the present study, we further explored this issue…

In conclusion, we have provided the first evidence on the up-regulation of CB2receptors in glial elements in postmortem tissues of PD patients, which has been confirmed in an inflammatory model of this disease. In addition, we have provided evidence on the benefits derived from their activation in relation with the activation of microglial cells, the infiltration of macrophages and also certain capability of these cells to generate proinflammatory factors.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25863279

http://www.thctotalhealthcare.com/category/parkinsons-disease/

Self-reported efficacy of cannabis and other complementary medicine modalities by Parkinson’s disease patients in colorado.

“Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is frequently used by Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. We sought to provide information on CAM use and efficacy in PD patients in the Denver metro area with particular attention to cannabis use given its recent change in legal status.

Self-reported improvement related to the use of CAM was highest for massage, art therapy, music therapy, and cannabis.

While only 4.3% of our survey responders reported use of cannabis, it ranked among the most effective CAM therapies.

Conclusions. Overall, our cross-sectional study was notable for a high rate of CAM utilization amongst PD patients and high rates of self-reported efficacy across most CAM modalities.

Cannabis was rarely used in our population but users reported high efficacy, mainly for nonmotor symptoms.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25821504

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4363882/

http://www.thctotalhealthcare.com/category/parkinsons-disease/

Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease: An exploratory double-blind trial.

“Parkinson’s disease (PD) has a progressive course and is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.

… the endocannabinoid system has emerged as a promising target.

…Our findings point to a possible effect of CBD in improving quality of life measures in PD patients with no psychiatric comorbidities…”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237116

http://www.thctotalhealthcare.com/category/parkinsons-disease/

The endocannabinoid system: a putative role in neurodegenerative diseases.

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“Scientific evidence shows that an hypofunction or a dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system may be responsible for some of the symptoms of diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.

The aim of this review is to highlight the role of endocannabinoid system in neurodegenerative diseases

Scientific evidence shows that cannabis can provide symptomatic relief in several neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These findings imply that a hypofunction or a dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system may be responsible for some of the symptoms of these diseases. Moreover, given the abundance of CB1 receptors in areas associated with movement and executive thought, researchers’ interest has often focused on endocannabinoid levels in patients with motor degenerative disorders.

CONCLUSIONS:

The important role played by endocannabinoid system promises interesting developments, in particular to evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs in both psychiatry and neurology.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4070159/

Cannabidiol can improve complex sleep-related behaviours associated with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson’s disease patients: a case series.

“Cannabidiol (CBD) is the main non-psychotropic component of the Cannabis sativa plant. REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by the loss of muscle atonia during REM sleep associated with nightmares and active behaviour during dreaming. We have described the effects of CBD in RBD symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

CASES SUMMARY:

Four patients treated with CBD had prompt and substantial reduction in the frequency of RBD-related events without side effects.

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION:

This case series indicates that CBD is able to control the symptoms of RBD.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24845114