“While cannabis withdrawal may not include some of the serious medical problems observed with alcohol and opioid withdrawal, it is likely that the symptoms associated with cannabis withdrawal (e.g. negative affect, appetite and sleep disturbance) contribute to the development and intractability of cannabis dependence. In this sense, cannabis withdrawal may be analogous to other, better-understood withdrawal syndromes (e.g. tobacco withdrawal, alcohol withdrawal) that have been the target of intervention efforts. Furthermore, cannabis withdrawal has been described increasingly in terms of the physiological sequelae that coincide with this syndrome, including alterations in dopamine neurotransmission, as well as alterations in other systems.”.
“These findings may have both etiological and treatment implications. For example, individuals with the CNR1 T/C genotype may be more likely to develop dependence and/or more likely to have trouble establishing abstinence or reducing marijuana use. However, longitudinal studies will be needed to clarify whether this genetic variable actually influences the trajectory of marijuana use/dependence. In addition, treatment studies that incorporate this information are needed to determine whether these (or other) genetic variants may influence treatment outcomes and determine whether alternative treatments may be indicated for these individuals.”
“In conclusion, the cannabis dependence endophenotypes, craving and withdrawal, are important factors in the etiology and treatment of cannabis dependence and, given growing recognition of the underlying physiological sequalae that coincide with long-term cannabis use, these phenotypes are likely to lend themselves to the identification of underlying genetic factors that have direct implications for treatment approaches.”