Plants with traditional uses and activities, relevant to the management of Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive disorders.

“In traditional practices of medicine, numerous plants have been used to treat cognitive disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other memory related disorders. An ethnopharmacological approach has provided leads to identifying potential new drugs from plant sources, including those for memory disorders. There are numerous drugs available in Western medicine that have been directly isolated from plants, or are derived from templates of compounds from plant sources. For example, some alkaloids from plant sources have been investigated for their potential in AD therapy, and are now in clinical use (e.g. galantamine from Galanthus nivalis L. is used in the United Kingdom).

 Various other plant species have shown favourable effects in AD, or pharmacological activities indicating the potential for use in AD therapy.

This article reviews some of the plants and their active constituents that have been used in traditional medicine, including Ayurvedic, Chinese, European and Japanese medicine, for their reputed cognitive-enhancing and antidementia effects. Plants and their constituents with pharmacological activities that may be relevant to the treatment of cognitive disorders, including enhancement of cholinergic function in the central nervous system, anti-cholinesterase (anti-ChE), antiinflammatory, antioxidant and oestrogenic effects, are discussed.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12557240

Medical Marijuana Use: Miracle Medicine Good for Dozens of Diseases

“When the State of Oregon first legalized Medical Marijuana I disbelieved and was astonished at the diverse medical conditions that State DHS said were acceptable conditions for a permit to use: Cancer, Glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer’s, Cachexia/Anorexia, Severe pain, Severe nausea, Seizures and Muscle spasms.

I found out soon after I started seeing patients for marijuana permits that the DHS was far too modest about this surprisingly effective medicine. As I continued to see more than 4000 patients I was truly amazed at the diversity of diseases for which marijuana was helpful and more so than standard medicine.”-

Dr. Phil Leveque

Read more: http://www.salem-news.com/articles/may262009/marijuana_treatments_pl_5-26-09.php

Smoked Medicinal Cannabis for Neuropathic Pain in HIV: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial.

“In 1999, a report of the United States Institute of Medicine recommended further investigations of the possible benefits of cannabis (marijuana) as a medicinal agent for a variety of conditions, including neuropathic pain due to HIV distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN). The most abundant active ingredient in cannabis, tetrahydro-cannabinol (THC), and its synthetic derivatives, produce effective analgesia in most animal models of pain. The antinociceptive effects of THC are mediated through cannabinoid receptors (CB1, CB2) in the central and peripheral nervous systems, which in turn interact with noradrenergic and κ-opioid systems in the spinal cord to modulate the perception of painful stimuli. The endogenous ligand of CB1, anandamide, itself is an effective antinociceptive agent. In open-label clinical trials and one recent controlled trial, medicinal cannabis has shown preliminary efficacy in relieving neuropathic pain.”

“We conducted a clinical trial to assess the impact of smoked cannabis on neuropathic pain in HIV. This was a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of analgesia with smoked cannabis in HIV-associated distal sensory predominant polyneuropathy (DSPN).”

 “…pain relief was greater with cannabis than placebo…”

 “Smoked cannabis was generally well tolerated and effective when added to concomitant analgesic therapy in patients with medically refractory pain due to HIV DSPN.”

“Our findings suggest that cannabinoid therapy may be an effective option for pain relief in patients with medically intractable pain due to HIV-associated DSPN.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066045/

Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis.

“Central pain in multiple sclerosis (MS) is common and often refractory to treatment…

We conducted a single-center, 5-week (1-week run-in, 4-week treatment), randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in 66 patients with MS and central pain states (59 dysesthetic, seven painful spasms) of a whole-plant cannabis-based medicine (CBM), containing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol (THC:CBD) delivered via an oromucosal spray, as adjunctive analgesic treatment…

CONCLUSIONS:

Cannabis-based medicine is effective in reducing pain and sleep disturbance in patients with multiple sclerosis related central neuropathic pain and is mostly well tolerated.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16186518

Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis.

Abstract

“Symptoms relating to spasticity are common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and can be difficult to treat. We have investigated the efficacy, safety and tolerability of a standardized oromucosal whole plant cannabis-based medicine (CBM) containing delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), upon spasticity in MS. A total of 189 subjects with definite MS and spasticity were randomized to receive daily doses of active preparation (n = 124) or placebo (n = 65) in a double blind study over 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in a daily subject-recorded Numerical Rating Scale of spasticity. Secondary endpoints included a measure of spasticity (Ashworth Score) and a subjective measure of spasm. The primary efficacy analysis on the intention to treat (ITT) population (n = 184) showed the active preparation to be significantly superior (P = 0.048). Secondary efficacy measures were all in favour of active preparation but did not achieve statistical significance. The responder analysis favoured active preparation, 40% of subjects achieved >30% benefit (P = 0.014). Eight withdrawals were attributed to adverse events (AEs); six were on active preparation and two on placebo. We conclude that this CBM may represent a useful new agent for treatment of the symptomatic relief of spasticity in MS.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17355549

Clinical efficacy and effectiveness of Sativex, a combined cannabinoid medicine, in multiple sclerosis-related spasticity.

Abstract

“Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with a wide range of disease symptoms and amongst these, spasticity is one of the most disabling and has the greatest impact on patient well-being and quality of life. Until now, available drug therapies for spasticity appear to have limited benefit and are often associated with poor tolerability. In a recent Spanish survey it was noted that multidrug therapy and a low control rate were common features for a large proportion of patients with MS-related spasticity, suggesting that currently available monotherapies lack significant activity. Sativex is a 1:1 mixture of δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol derived from Cannabis sativa chemovars, which is available as an oromucosal spray. Clinical experience with Sativex in patients with MS-related spasticity is steadily accumulating. Results from randomized, controlled trials have reported a reduction in the severity of symptoms associated with spasticity, leading to a better ability to perform daily activities and an improved perception of patients and their carers regarding functional status. These are highly encouraging findings that provide some much needed optimism for the treatment of this disabling and often painful symptom of MS.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22509985

Cannabinoids Inhibit the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Pathway in Gliomas

“Cannabinoids, the active components of Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana), and their derivatives exert a wide array of effects by activating their specific G protein-coupled receptors CB1 and CB2, which are normally engaged by a family of endogenous ligands–the endocannabinoids. Marijuana and its derivatives have been used in medicine for many centuries, and there is currently a renaissance in the study of the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids. Today, cannabinoids are approved to palliate the wasting and emesis associated with cancer and AIDS chemotherapy, and ongoing clinical trials are determining whether cannabinoids are effective agents in the treatment of pain, neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury . In addition, cannabinoid administration to mice and/or rats induces the regression of lung adenocarcinomas, gliomas, thyroid epitheliomas, lymphomas, and skin carcinomas. These studies have also evidenced that cannabinoids display a fair drug safety profile and do not produce the generalized cytotoxic effects of conventional chemotherapies, making them potential antitumoral agents.” 

“Gliomas are one of the most malignant forms of cancer, resulting in the death of affected patients within 1–2 two years after diagnosis. Current therapies for glioma treatment are usually ineffective or just palliative. Therefore, it is essential to develop new therapeutic strategies for the management of glioblastoma multiforme, which will most likely require a combination of therapies to obtain significant clinical results. In line with the idea that anti-VEGF treatments constitute one of the most promising antitumoral approaches currently available, the present laboratory and clinical findings provide a novel pharmacological target for cannabinoid-based therapies.”

“The use of cannabinoids in medicine is limited by their psychoactive effects mediated by neuronal CB1 receptors. Although these adverse effects are within the range of those accepted for other medications, especially in cancer treatment, and tend to disappear with tolerance on continuous use, it is obvious that cannabinoid-based therapies devoid of side-effects would be desirable. As glioma cells express functional CB2 receptors, we used a selective CB2 ligand to target the VEGF pathway. Selective CB2 receptor activation in mice also inhibits the growth and angiogenesis of skin carcinomas.”

“Cannabinoids inhibit tumor angiogenesis…”

“Cannabinoids Inhibit the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Pathway in Gliomas”

“Because blockade of the VEGF pathway constitutes one of the most promising antitumoral approaches currently available, the present findings provide a novel pharmacological target for cannabinoid-based therapies.”

http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/64/16/5617.full

For many patients, cannabis may offer the best medicinal pain relief yet discovered

by: Raw Michelle

“(NaturalNews) By the beginning of the 1980s, after a four decade long lockdown, a re-interest in cannabis arose in the scientific community. In 1982, the American Institute of Medicinepublished an intriguing report entitled “Marijuana and Health”. The report was a collection of tentative exploratory research and case studies of the use of cannabis as a medicine.

The reappearance of a powerful plant in human pharmacopeia

The studies provided a glimpse of something that intrigued health care researchers. While the plant’s effects were entirely congruent with the goal of healing, the methodology used by the plant’s chemicals was very different from those employed by typical pharmaceuticals. To developers, cannabis suddenly represented a precedent for a whole new type of medicine. With over 88 pharmacologically active substances, cannabis introduced hundreds of new compounds to the medical world. The institute’s report concluded that further research into cannabis’ potential would be of great value to the field.

However, further research was very limited, stifled by cannabis’ legal status and social stigma. The legal status forces researchers to expend an overwhelming amount of time and effort to get permission to conduct the studies. The social stigma causes institutes to be less likely to receive funding for the projects, and that researchers are sacrificing their reputation in the professional world. That also means most of the studies conducted are federally funded. Unfortunately, in addition, successful researchers will still have to face a further publication bias, as journals also risk their reputations and status when publishing cannabis related research. It is ironic that even within a scientific community, researchers are punished for being unbiased. As a result, outlets that focus solely on cannabis related research have arisen. Internet publications have opened a wide market for research that would have previously been buried.

Where opiates don’t quite cut it

Of the studies that have been conducted, most have focused on marijuana as a treatment for neuropathic pain, one of the earliest treatments for which physicians saw potential. Neuropathic pain results from nerve damage in which the cells experience difficulty communicating. This can happen from traumas like surgery, where nerve connections are severed, but continue trying to communicate news of the damage to the next cell over. Similarly, when new nerve cells are formed but not yet hooked into the neural highway, they sputter and spark, trying to achieve connection. The sensation can be very painful. Neuropathic pain is very common symptom of cancer. Tumour growth can crush nerve trunks as it bullies its way to more territory.

Sometimes just talking about it helps

Early studies demonstrate that cannabis is hugely effective in treating neuropathic pain. The cannabinoids allow nerve cells to reverse the communication path. Cells sending trauma notifications to the main trunk would normally continue doing so until the stimuli was resolved. From a practical standpoint, it is difficult to eliminate pain the moment it is recognised, but from a human level, once the person is cognizant of the problem, there is no benefit to remaining in pain. Cannabis simply tells the alarmed cell that authorities have been notified and that the problem will be resolved shortly. It doesn’t, as is popularly believed, relieve pain by making cells “stoned” or unfocused so as to disrupt communication.

The few studies have been conducted have returned agreeing with the American Medical Institute’s findings and recommendations. After only preliminary examination, cannabis presents itself as a powerful tool. More in-depth research is likely to further displace today’s most relied-upon pharmaceuticals.”

 
 
 

Role of the Cannabinoid System in Pain Control and Therapeutic Implications for the Management of Acute and Chronic Pain Episodes

“Hemp, Cannabis sativa, is a coarse bushy annual plant with palmate leaves and clusters of small green flowers that grows wild in regions of mild or tropical weather and can attain a height of 3 metres. The genus name Cannabis is complemented by sativa (which means useful). Cannabis has indeed been used throughout history for a variety of purposes…

 Cannabis has been utilised for centuries throughout the world to alleviate disease. Its derivatives were named “panacea”, or “cure-all”, and were sold as a legal medicine, mainly for pain…

The discovery of cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands, and the machinery for the synthesis, transport, and degradation of these retrograde messengers, has equipped us with neurochemical tools for novel drug design. Agonist-activated cannabinoid receptors, modulate nociceptive thresholds, inhibit release of pro-inflammatory molecules, and display synergistic effects with other systems that influence analgesia, especially the endogenous opioid system. Cannabinoid receptor agonists have shown therapeutic value against inflammatory and neuropathic pains, conditions that are often refractory to therapy…”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430692/

The endocannabinoid-CB(1) receptor system in pre- and postnatal life.

Abstract

“Recent research suggests that the endogenous cannabinoids (“endocannabinoids”) and their cannabinoid receptors have a major influence during pre- and postnatal development. First, high levels of the endocannaboid anandamide and cannabinoid receptors are present in the preimplantation embryo and in the uterus, while a temporary reduction of anandamide levels is essential for embryonal implantation. In women accordingly, an inverse association has been reported between fatty acid amide hydrolase (the anandamide degrading enzyme) in human lymphocytes and miscarriage. Second, CB(1) receptors display a transient presence in white matter areas of the pre- and postnatal nervous system, suggesting a role for CB(1) receptors in brain development. Third, endocannabinoids have been detected in maternal milk and activation of CB(1) receptors appears to be critical for milk sucking by newborn mice, apparently activating oral-motor musculature. Fourth, anandamide has neuroprotectant properties in the developing postnatal brain. Finally, prenatal exposure to the active constituent of marihuana (Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol) or to anandamide affects prefrontal cortical functions, memory and motor and addictive behaviors, suggesting a role for the endocannabinoid CB(1) receptor system in the brain structures which control these functions. Further observations suggest that children may be less prone to psychoactive side effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol or endocannabinoids than adults. The medical implications of these novel developments are far reaching and suggest a promising future for cannabinoids in pediatric medicine for conditions including “non-organic failure-to-thrive” and cystic fibrosis.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464041